Why PDF files grow large
PDFs embed fonts, high-resolution photos, vector graphics, and sometimes entire spreadsheets as images. Scanners often produce 300 DPI color pages that look crisp on screen but balloon file size. Multiple edits can leave orphaned objects in the file that no longer display yet still occupy bytes.
Compression rewrites or simplifies these streams. Lossless techniques remove duplication and apply Flate encoding. Lossy steps downsample images when you accept moderate quality trade-offs for much smaller output.
Not every PDF compresses dramatically. A text-only export from Word may already be tiny; a photography portfolio may shrink only if image quality is reduced. Set expectations based on content type.
Color scans consume more bytes than monochrome forms. Converting color scans to grayscale in the scanner app before PDF creation often beats compressing a full-color file after the fact.
Linearized PDFs optimized for web fast-start may re-save differently than non-linearized archives—either form compresses, but compare open time in browsers if you distribute widely.